ABSTRACT
Transmission network analysis is a crucial evaluation tool aiming to explore the characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, develop evidence-based prevention strategies, and contribute to various areas of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention and control. Over recent decades, transmission networks have made tremendous strides in terms of modes, methods, applications, and various other aspects. Transmission network methods, including social, sexual, and molecular transmission networks, have played a pivotal role. Each transmission network research method has its advantages, as well as its limitations. In this study, we established a systematic review of these aforementioned transmission networks with respect to their definitions, applications, limitations, recent progress, and synthetic applications.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Epidemics , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Sexual BehaviorABSTRACT
Approximately 2,300 genes are found to be associated with spermiogenesis and their expressions play important roles in the regulation of spermiogenesis. In recent years, more and more attention has been focused on the studies of the genes associated with oligospermia, asthenospermia and teratospermia and their molecular mechanisms. Some genes, such as GSTM1, DNMT3L, and CYP1A1, have been shown to be potentially associated with oligospermia; some, such as CATSPER1, CRISP2, SEPT4, TCTE3, TEKT4, and DNAH1, with asthenospermia; and still others, such as DPY19L2 and AURKC, with teratospermia. These findings have provided a molecular basis for the studies of the pathogenesis of oligospermia, asthenospermia and teratospermia, as well as a new approach to the exploration of new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Asthenozoospermia , Genetics , Aurora Kinase C , Genetics , Calcium Channels , Genetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 , Genetics , Cytoplasmic Dyneins , DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases , Genetics , Dyneins , Genetics , Glutathione Transferase , Genetics , Glycoproteins , Genetics , Membrane Proteins , Genetics , Microtubule Proteins , Genetics , Oligospermia , Genetics , Spermatogenesis , Genetics , Teratozoospermia , GeneticsABSTRACT
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations, and its main clinical manifestation is the abnormal opening of the urethra. Etiologically, it can be attributed to many factors, mainly including genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Recently studies about its genetic etiologies have found a variety of hypospadias-associated genes from the aspects of epidemiology and polymorphism, mainly those involving the formation of the penis, the development of the testis, the anabolism of androgens, and so on. This review focuses on the progress in the studies on the genetic etiology of hypospadias.